09 June 2016

Point of view: Finnish forest will stand the course.

By Hannes Mäntyranta.
”By now I have explained several times over the problem with the ecological sustainability of Finnish forests,” said Mr. Jussi Nikula from WWF Finland at an event in April where the Finnish energy company Fortum published its bioenergy policy. ”And I could reply to you but this is not really the place or the time,” answered Mr.Anssi Kainulainen from the Finnish forest owners’ union, the MTK. That is how I felt myself at the time: taking time over this issue would not have been polite towards the hosts or the audience. So, I will present my reply here. Nikula argued that Finnish forests are used unsustainably and based his claim solely on the endangeredness of forest species. The argument is understandable, but not sufficient.

Research on endangered species allows sustainability to be described in businesslike and quantifiable terms, which tend to convince people.
A frequently-heard Finnish saying is that our information is often exact, but not necessarily correct. Endangered species are found everywhere First of all, endangered species are found everywhere. 90 percent of the endangered forest species in Finland can survive in commercial forests – roughly 50 percent of them on decayed wood and close to 40 percent in habitats of special importance that are protected by the Forest Act. A survey of different habitats shows that problems related to endangered species are concentrated in herb-rich forests and eskers: half of the threatened forest species live in herb-rich forests and roughly ten percent of them on eskers, while these habitats only cover some five percent of the total forest area.
On the other hand, the debate on forest protection mostly focuses on heath forests with plenty of decayed wood. Then again, endangered forest species do not necessarily need to live in forests. In 2003 an old-growth forest species that was considered to have disappeared from Finland for good, the wood wasp Urocerus fantoma, was found on a street in the city of Järvenpää in southern Finland. A year before that the butterfly Borearctia menetriesii, which was also thought to have disappeared completely from Finland, was found on a highway in Lieksa, eastern Finland.
In 1986, a total of 43 forest species were assessed as having completely disappeared from Finland. Most of them have been found again since then. In 1990, only 36 of these species were considered to have disappeared, in 2000 the number was 21 and in 2010 only 17. Secondly, information of endangered species is not exact, as it is based on estimates which contain many weaknesses. The occurrence of polypores, for example, is assessed only in August and September, when their visible parts, the fruiting bodies, occur most abundantly. Yet they can also be found in early summer, and not necessarily in the same places. The fruiting bodies are usually only looked for in places where they have been founded before. This method only provides information on their continued occurrence or their disappearance, but any new occurrences will only be found by accident.

For more information contact Mr Hannes Mäntyranta:
Finnish Forest Association
Salomonkatu 17 A / FI- 00100 Helsinki / Finland
Tel. +358 9 6850880
E-mail: forest@smy.fi